During the non-breeding period, kisspeptin expression in the arcuate nucleus is markedly reduced.

Prominent vascular permeability of low- and high-molecular-mass tracers was also observed in the arcuate nucleus.

Seven-day running wheel access also results in elevated arcuate nucleus and DMH neuropeptide Y gene expression.

Bilateral leptin injections into the rat arcuate nucleus produced long-lasting suppression of meal size and total chow intake.

These results provide new insights into the mechanism by which ghrelin regulates voluntary activity independent of arcuate nucleus neurons.